Soot-sometimes referred to as “black carbon” (BC) because of its optical properties (Mertes et al. 2003), that are responsible of oxidative stress on biological systems (Sørensen et al. 2006), and organic compounds (Sakurai et al. Besides, the observed effects on the health are also correlated to the soot properties and composition, in particular to the presence of trace metals (Lee et al. Therefore, due to its high content in the fine fraction and the ability to penetrate deeper in the lungs, soot particles are likely one of the most toxic components of ambient aerosol (Zerbi et al. 2005 Englert 2005), and similar results are also shown by toxicological studies (Gualtieri et al.
Several authors have pointed out that the inhalation of particulate matter (PM) can cause acute and chronic toxicological effects, such as respiratory inflammations or lung disease on exposed people (Brunekreef and Forseberg 2005 Davidson et al. Soot is widely regarded as one of the most important air pollutants because of its occurrence in all urban areas and its impact on the environment, climate, and human health. These results add useful information and characterization of the soot, a relevant component of the ambient air, and its different features with respect to the urban or rural–suburban areas.Ĭopyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research A similar aspect emerges for the pure black carbon particles, mainly crystalline, and the black carbon particles associated with minerals, generally disordered. The population of soot collected at the urban site, where the vehicular emission component prevails, exhibits mostly crystalline characteristics (with a D1 FWHM of 150–155 cm −1), whereas the population collected at the rural–suburban site, particularly the coarse fraction, shows a prevailing amorphous nature (with a D1 FWHM of ∼175 cm −1). Statistical analysis of the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values of the bands, as well as of their intensity ratio, revealed the presence of two classes of soot particles that can be ascribed to a different degree of crystallinity.
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A careful examination of the spectral bands, performed with a five-(Voigt) curve deconvolution model previously described by the literature and here adapted to the purpose, lead to the characterization of the graphitic and carbonaceous material plus the identification of the mineral particles associated with it. Airborne particulate matter samples were collected in an urban and a rural–suburban monitoring stations of the city of Rome, Italy, and the particles were analyzed through the Raman microspectroscopy.
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